For these and other purposes, national projections of future mortality are made periodically by statistical offices or actuarial societies in Europe. Some countries adjust benefit levels to life expectancy (Germany, Finland, and Portugal), other countries link the number of years of contributions needed for a full pension to life expectancy (France), whereas again in other countries the pension age is linked to the increase in life expectancy (the Netherlands, Denmark, Estonia). According to the OECD, around two-thirds of reforms automatically linked future pensions to (projected) changes in life expectancy. In response to these challenges, several countries introduced changes in the pension system and increased the retirement age. Increased longevity poses great challenges to the welfare state, including the sustainability of pension systems. The persistence and possible increase of inequalities in life expectancy between the educational groups may cause equity concerns of increases in pension age that are equal among all socio-economic groups. The educational inequalities in life expectancy are expected to persist or slightly increase for both men and women. We see no indication of a decline in inequality between the life expectancy of the low and high educated. Our results also suggest that inequalities in life expectancies between high and low educated will be similar or slightly increasing between 20. Life expectancy of low educated women, particularly between age 35 and 85, shows the smallest projected increase. The projected increase in life expectancy is slightly larger among the high educated than among the low educated. Our results point at further increases of life expectancy between age 35 and 85 and of remaining life expectancy at age 35 and age 65, for all education groups in the Netherlands. We used a three-layer Li and Lee model with data from neighboring countries to complement Dutch time series. The objective of this study is to provide insight in future trends in life expectancies for low, mid and high educated men and women living in the Netherlands. However, these projections may not provide a good estimate of the future trends in life expectancy of different social-economic groups. National projections of life expectancy are made periodically by statistical offices or actuarial societies in Europe and are widely used, amongst others for reforms of pension systems.
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